What is NAIL FUNGUS?
Nail fungus (onychomycosis) is a fungal infection of the fingernails and toenails. – These fungal infections usually cause discoloration, thickening and often softening of the nails. – Nail fungus is a difficult condition to treat and may often cause permanent damage to the nails and possibly nail loss.
Types of NAIL FUNGUS:
- Distal subungual onychomycosis (DSO): site of invasion is the distal nail bed and progression is distal to proximal.
- Proximal subungual onychomycosis (PSO): site of invasion is the proximal nail bed. This condition is quite rare in people with intact immune systems.

- White superficial onychomycosis (WSO): characterized by white discoloration on the surface of the toenail which can be easily scraped away.

Common causes of NAIL FUNGUS

- Nail fungus infections are caused by dermatophyte fungi (tinea unguium), yeasts such as Candida albicans, and non-dermatophyte molds. – Factors that may increase the development of nail fungus include humidity, heat, trauma, diabetes mellitus, and underlying tinea pedis (athlete’s foot).

Symptoms of NAIL FUNGUS:

- Other than appearance, nail fungus generally has no symptoms. In some rare cases, nail fungus may cause pain, limit mobility, and interfere with manual dexterity. – DSO: yellow-brown discoloration with eventual crumbling and disintegration of the nail plate. – PSO: white or yellow discoloration on the surface of the nail plate beginning at the proximal nail fold and extending distally. – WSO: white discoloration on the surface of the toenail which can be easily scraped away

Your body hosts millions of microscopic organisms, some harmful, some hurtful. Fungi are one type of tiny, plant-like organism that lives on your body or inside it. Unlike plants, they have no chlorophyll, a chemical which turns sunlight into food. To survive, fungi absorb nutrients from other living or dead things. They thrive in warm, moist places, like underneath your toenails.
It is estimated that around 36 million people in the United States have onychomycosis, a fungal nail infection. Fungal nail infections are more common in toenails, but they also occur in fingernails. They are more likely in adults and often follow a fungal foot infection, like athlete’s foot.
When the nail is infected with fungi, it becomes yellowish, dry and brittle. The nail also becomes thicker, as layers of fungi grow and bloom. The nail may even separate from the skin, slightly rising off the toe.
Locker rooms, public pools and gym showers can all be sources of fungal infections. Fungi love these hot, damp environments. Nail salons can also be a source of fungal infection. If the foot tub is not properly cleaned after a pedicure, fungi can live there, infecting the next person that puts their feet in tub.
Perhaps the best way to prevent a fungal toenail infection is not to go barefoot at public pools or locker rooms. When you go to the nail salon, be sure the equipment is properly cleaned.
Although they may not hurt, it is best to treat fungal infections early. Untreated fungal infections can become very painful, making it difficult to walk and uncomfortable to wear shoes.
Doctors prescribe topical ointments or oral medication depending on how much the fungus has grown. Fungal nail infections are not life threatening. It can take years before the infection becomes large enough to cause pain or difficulty walking.

Nail Problems

This page relates to three of the most common nail problems:

* Ingrown nails
* Fungal nails
* Psoriatic nails.

If you’re interested in the structure of the nail and medical terms relating to the nail, visit our web page on nail anatomy and glossary of nail conditions. We have another page that discusses some basic surgical nail procedures.

Ingrown Toenail

An ingrown toenail is probably the most common abnormality involving the nail, and we see this problem in our office on a daily basis. Simply put, an ingrown nail is a condition in which the nail is growing into the flesh.

The condition may involve one border or both, and is accompanied by redness, warmth, swelling, and quite frequently, infection.

The amount of pain the patient experiences varies, depending upon one’s age, gender, circulation, and general medical condition. As a rule, smokers will have more pain than non-smokers.

While the problem is often dismissed as inconsequential (at least by those who have never experienced the problem), it should not be taken lightly. Just a couple generations ago, in the era before antibiotics, an ingrown toenail that developed into an infection could kill people. Even today, if the patient has compromised circulation or diabetes, the condition may frequently lead to loss of a limb.

Ingrown toenail may be caused by:

* Improperly trimmed nails (Trim then straight across, not longer than the tip of the toes. Do not cut down the corners.)
* Heredity
* Shoe pressure; crowding of toes in poorly-fitting shoes.
* Repeated trauma to the feet from normal activities.

The most common treatment a patient attempts to perform for this condition is so-called “bathroom surgery”. This is where the patient attempts to remove a portion of nail, himself. Unfortunately, this will often worsen the condition and can make proper treatment more difficult.

We suggest that you may clean the foot in a warm (not hot) salt water soak, or a basin of soapy water, then apply an antiseptic and bandage the area. You should then schedule an appointment with a podiatrist as soon as possible. He or she can diagnose the problem, the prescribe medication or other appropriate treatment. People with diabetes or circulatory disorders are especially sensitive to infections and serious problems and need to seek podiatric medical care as soon as possible.

Antibiotics will usually address the infection-portion of this complaint, but they do nothing for the actual problem of the nail digging into the flesh. So most podiatrists will resect the ingrown portion of the nail and may prescribe a topical or oral medication to treat the infection as an adjunctive treatment.

If ingrown nails are a chronic problem or severe enough, we can perform a simple procedure to permanently prevent ingrown nails. This procedure consists of removing the problematic nail border and killing or removing the root of the nail in some way so that it never regrows. This is a very common procedure, one that we perform every day. And the procedure very rarely hurts.

For more information on some of the types of surgical procedures used for ingrown nails, please click on the following link for Permanent Nail Procedures.

Fungal Nails
Fungal infections of the nail, (also known as tinea unguium or onychomycosis), usually develop as a result of spread from a fungal infection of the skin (tinea pedis or athlete’s foot).

In contrast to athlete’s foot, which is often itchy or even painful, fungal nails are frequently painless, and so are often ignored for years. Early fungal disease is characterized by a slow but progressive change in a toenail’s quality and color.

While many patients believe the infection lies beneath the nail plate, it usually involves all layers of the nail–on top of the nail plate, beneath it, and within it.
wpe2A.jpg (3311 bytes)
As time progresses and becomes more advanced, the nail will often worsen, becoming more and more discoloured, thickened, and difficult to cut. There is frequently a foul odour associated with the condition.

The infection may also spread to other toenails, the skin, or even the finger nails.

As the thickened nails deteriorate, they may become ingrown (discussed above) and painful.

Pain may also develop because the thicker nails are difficult to trim and make walking and wearing shoes uncomfortable.

Because it is difficult to avoid contact with microscopic organisms like fungi, the toenails are especially vulnerable around damp areas where people are likely to be walking barefoot, such as swimming pools, locker rooms, and showers, for example. Injury to the nail bed may make it more susceptible to all types of infection, including fungal infection. The elderly and those who suffer from chronic diseases, such as diabetes, circulatory problems, or immune-deficiency conditions, are especially prone to fungal nails. Other contributing factors may be a history of athlete’s foot and excessive perspiration.

Prevention

* Proper hygiene and regular inspection of the feet and toes are the first lines of defense against fungal nails.
* Clean and dry feet resist disease.
* Washing the feet with soap and water, remembering to dry thoroughly, is the best way to prevent an infection.
* Shower shoes should be worn when possible in public areas.
* Shoes, socks, or hosiery should be changed more than once daily.
* Toenails should be clipped straight across so that the nail does not extend beyond the tip of the toe.
* Wear shoes that fit well and are made of materials that breathe.
* Avoid wearing excessively tight hosiery, which promote moisture.
* Socks made of synthetic fiber tend to “wick” away moisture faster than cotton or wool socks.
* Disinfect instruments used to cut nails.
* Disinfect home pedicure tools.
* Don’t apply polish to nails suspected of infection—those that are red, discolored, or swollen, for example.

Treatment of Fungal Nails

Treatments may vary, depending on the nature and severity of the infection. A daily routine of cleansing over a period of many months may temporarily suppress mild infections. White markings that appear on the surface of the nail can be filed off, followed by the application of an over-the-counter liquid antifungal agent. However, even the best over-the-counter treatments may not prevent a fungal infection from coming back.

A podiatric physician can detect a fungal infection early, culture the nail, determine the cause, and form a suitable treatment plan, which may include prescribing topical or oral medication, and debridement (removal of diseased nail matter and debris) of an infected nail.

Newer oral antifungals, may be the most effective treatment. They offer a shorter treatment regimen of approximately three months and improved effectiveness. Podiatrists may also prescribe a topical treatment for onychomycosis, which can be an effective treatment modality for fungal nails.

In some cases, surgical treatment may be required. Temporary removal of the infected nail can be performed to permit direct application of a topical antifungal. Permanent removal of a chronically painful nail, which has not responded to any other treatment, permits the fungal infection to be cured, and prevents the return of a deformed nail.

Trying to solve the infection without the qualified help of a podiatric physician can lead to more problems. With new technical advances in combination with simple preventive measures, the treatment of this lightly regarded health problems can often be successful.

Psoriatic Nails

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder affecting about 2% of the population. It is non-contagious and appears to have a genetic origin, though episodes may be triggered by stress and trauma.
Psoriasis may be rather mild, involving occasional bouts of non-painful, silver-white scales on a small area of the skin with varying degrees of redness (inflammation) surrounding it (see diagram to the right), or it may be severe, involving uncomfortable blisters over large portions of skin throughout the body.

While psoriasis may be found anywhere on the body, the classic areas of involvement are the elbows, knees, hands, feet, scalp, ears, and the genital region.

Some 50% of individuals with psoriasis may develop the condition in their nails. This condition causes some combination of pitting in the nails (see diagram A below), yellow-white discoloration and dystrophy (degeneration) mimicking fungal involvement (see diagram B below), and onycholysis, where the nail slowly becomes detached and loose from the nail bed (see diagram C below). The nails are usually painless, but may become painful in some cases.

When an ingrown nail, fungal nail, psoriatic nail, or other uncomfortable nail pathology does not respond to conservative care, an attempt may be made at a permanent correction of the problem through surgical means. Surgical nail procedures have improved greatly over the years, and they may be designed to temporarily or permanently correct ingrown nail conditions. Listed below are some of the most common procedures.

Temporary Nail Procedures

At first glance, it may seem nonsensical to attempt a temporary nail procedure. After all, why would anyone wish to temporarily fix a nail condition when you could do it permanently?

Well, there are a couple reasons it may make sense to try this sort of procedure. First, if there is nothing really wrong with the nail, but the ingrown nail was caused by a one-time trauma, by cutting the nail improperly or by some other one-time event, it may be quite reasonable to address the acute problem temporarily in such a way that once the tissues heal, the problem may not be likely to return.

A couple examples of procedures that fall into this category are listed below:

Wedge Resection This procedure simply aims to remove the offending portion of the ingrown nail without touching the remainder non-problematic nail. Depending upon the severity of the problem, this procedure may be performed with or without anesthesia.

Granuloma Excision This procedure aims at removing the portion of skin that often grows up and over the nail plate when ingrown nails are present. This abnormal growth of skin is known as a Granuloma or Proudflesh, and usually appears red, angry-looking (though they may be painless) and very bloody. While a granuloma excision may performed as an isolated procedure, it is frequently performed along with a permanent nail procedure.

Skin Plasties Skin plasties are techniques that primarily address an abnormal component of skin that may be the cause of the problem. For example, a portion of skin may be excessively large and the nail may continually grow into the skin. Again, this may be performed as an isolated procedure or in conjunction with a permanent nail procedure.

Permanent Nail Procedures

There are three families of procedures that permanently address nail conditions–”sharp” procedures, chemical procedures, and miscellaneous procedures.

procedures are known by that name because they all have in common the use of a scalpel to excise a portion of the nail root. Because the nail root is being cut out, or “excised”, this family of procedures is properly known as known as matrixectomy procedures, with the suffix “-ectomy” meaning “excision”. A matrixectomy may either be a partial matrixectomy, when only a portion of the nail root is removed, or a total or complete matrixectomy, when the entire nail root is removed.

Compared to chemical procedures, sharp procedures have the advantage of looking better immediately after the procedure, and they typically have less drainage.

While sharp procedures are still performed frequently by other medical professionals, it’s probably safe to say that In the podiatric profession they are performed much more infrequently today than in years past because of their down side. First, there is cutting involved, so they may create more scar tissue than other types of procedures, they may have a more noticeable post-operative appearance, they may hurt more and they physically remove the nail root from the bone, potentially increasing the odds of a bone infection.

Suppan This procedure involves freeing the skin behind the nail and removing the nail, then peeling away the root of the nail.

Zadik Procedure This procedure involves an incision that is angled at about 45 degrees from the nail border, and excising just the nail root.

Frost Procedure One of the older “sharp” procedures, the Frost involves making an “L”-shaped incision behind the nail plate, peeling back the soft tissues to expose and excise the nail root and any abnormal soft tissue associated with it.

Winograd The Winograd procedure involves a “D”-shaped excision of the nail root and overlying soft tissues. Not so aggressive as the Kaplan procedure, the Winograd may be a good choice when sharp procedures are considered.

Kaplan The Kaplan procedure may be the most well documented nail procedure in the literature. It involves an “H”-shaped incision and requires the excision of both the nail root and the nail bed (the soft tissue upon which then nail rests). This procedure may still be indicated in cases where the bone underlying the nail is involved, but this procedure is more aggressive then necessary for the vast majority of ingrown nails.

Terminal Syme The Terminal Syme procedure is basically an amputation of the tip of the toe. I’d like to say this procedure is rarely done any longer for routine ingrown nails, but from time to time, I still see people who have had this done. There are very few indications for this procedure to be performed.

Chemical Procedures

Simply put, chemical procedures attempt to permanently resolve an ingrown nail by chauterizing the nail root through the application of a strong chemical. Because the root of the nail is not actually removed, chemical procedures are not really matrixectomies, though they are often referred to as being so.

In theory, any chemical strong enough to chauterize the root of the nail without adversely affecting the patient could be used, but the most common chemical techniques are listed below.

The advantage of chemical procedures are that they are known for being relatively painless; there is typically no scalpel used in these procedures, so there is little scarring, and so they also tend to look very nice after they are completely healed; and chemical procedures don’t denude the covering from the underlying bone, which diminishes the odds of a post-operative bone infection.

The downside to these procedures is that they create a minor chemical burn in the area, so they tend to drain. Soaking and bandage changes are usually prescribed.

The most common names you might hear?

Phenol The phenol procedure involves applying an acidic chemical known as phenol to the root of the nail. (See diagram to the right for an image of phenol’s chemical structure.) This is probably the most common chemical procedure used today.

P&A The P&A procedure is short for “Phenol and Alcohol”, because alcohol is commonly used at the end of the phenol procedure to wash away any remaining phenol. So a P& A is the same as a phenol procedure.

Phenol

Sodium Hydroxide The second most common chemical method involves using the base known as Sodium Hydroxide. Some practitioners believe it creates less drainage than phenol procedures.

NaOH Those of you who have studied chemistry may recall that NaOH is the chemical abbreviation for sodium hydroxide, so the NaOH procedure is the same as the Sodium Hydroxide procedure.

Miscellaneous Procedures

In addition to sharp procedures and chemical procedures, other techniques exist to address ingrown nails. The two most common are listed below:

Laser Lasers can also permanently resolve nail problems. Proponents suggest there is less post-operative discharge and less pain involved when lasers are used, but it has been my experience that when performed correctly, there is very little pain involved with most other procedures anyway. In Canada, lasers are used relatively infrequently for this indication because of their high cost.

Radiosurgery Radiosurgical techniques can also be used to permanently resolve nail problems. Much less expensive than lasers, radiosurgery offers the same benefit, namely less discharge postoperatively.

The device (Reveal XT, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) is therefore highly accurate at either identifying or ruling out a presence of the arrhythmia, according to the authors, led by Prof Gerhard Hindricks (University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany).

The findings from the Reveal XT Performance Trial (XPECT), published online February 16, 2010 in Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, had been presented in preliminary form last summer at the Europace 2009 meeting. The device was approved in the US about two years ago, as previously reported by heartwire .

The group prospectively followed 247 patients implanted with the Reveal XT model 9529 four to six weeks previously at 24 European and Canadian centers, hooking them up to a specially modified Holter monitor for 46 hours. The Holter device could store surface-ECG data as well as data from the Reveal monitor. A core laboratory identified AF and quantified AF burden from the surface ECG for comparison with the Reveal findings.

The patients were eligible because they were considered likely to develop paroxysmal AF by meeting one of several criteria: they were scheduled for surgical or catheter AF ablation, had frequent AF by ECG or by symptoms, or had AF symptoms despite having had an attempted catheter ablation of the arrhythmia within the previous six months, according to the report.

Of 206 Holter recordings available for analysis, 37% contained at least one AF episode by Holter. Based on those findings, the implantable monitor had an overall accuracy for AF of 98.5%.

Reveal XT Monitoring for AF Compared With Holter Monitoring in the Reveal XT Performance Trial

Medtronic says the Reveal XT will perform continuously for up to three years; the data it collects can be transmitted to a physician’s office via the company’s CareLink network, or the device can be directly interrogated during an office visit.

The device’s performance in the study is far better than what has been reported for Holter monitoring performed over seven days, 30 days, or in repeated 24-hour sessions, and especially better than relying on symptoms to identify AF, according to Hindricks et al. “Thus, the technology seems to be promising to improve both the precise detection of AF and the confirmation of absence of AF during long-term follow-up, as well as accurately assessing the AF burden.”

The clinical implications of a device found to provide reliable continuous monitoring for AF are significant, they write. “Continuous and precise rhythm follow-up may help uncover the true incidence and duration of both symptomatic and asymptomatic AF episodes and establish a new standard to compare the efficacy of different AF treatment strategies.”

Medtronic provided partial support for the study. Hindricks is an advisory-board member for St Jude Medical, Biotronik, and Biosense Webster. Prof Helmut Pürerfellner (Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Cardiology, Linz, Austria) is a member of the adverse-event advisory board for Medtronic, Bakken Research Center. Dr Evgueny Pokushalov (State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Novosibirsk, Russia) “has done minor consulting for Medtronic.” Dr Guido Rieger (Medtronic, Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands) is an employee of Medtronic and holds Medtronic stock options.

References

To test whether such casual exposures would be enough, the researchers exposed 109 fair-skinned men and women to light equivalent to 13 minutes of midday summer sun three times a week for six weeks. Study participants wore shorts and T-shirts during their brief sun baths.

The study was done during the winter months, when people would be getting very little vitamin D from sunlight, to focus on the effects of the sun baths. All of the study participants had low vitamin D intakes, and none were taking vitamin D supplements.

Participants’ average blood level of vitamin D rose from around 18 ng/mL to 28 ng/mL. Recent studies have suggested that 20 ng/mL and above is sufficient, while 32 ng/mL and above is “optimal.”

Based on the results, the researchers predicted that with this amount of sun exposure, 90% of white adults in Manchester under the age of 65 would have sufficient vitamin D levels, while 26% would have optimal levels.

The findings don’t apply to darker-skinned people, who need longer stretches of sun exposure because their skin color acts as a natural sunblock.

Depending on latitude, the average amount of sun exposure required for similar effects in North America would range from nine to 16 minutes, the researchers say.

“We propose that future public health messages could promote regular short exposures to midday summer sunlight, their duration limited to below the sunburn threshold,” the researchers write. But people at high risk of skin cancer should avoid the sun, they add. “Oral supplements may be important in these individuals.”

J Investigative Dermatol 2010.

The results were stronger for patients with more severe pain (a score of 7 or greater on a scale of 10); the differences were not significant for patients with moderate pain, researchers found.

“This clearly shows that there’s more of a benefit for severe pain than moderate in this particular study,” said Peter DeSocio, DO, from the US Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center at Brooke Army Medical Center in Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

Since 2003, when the Iraq War began, more than 900 combat-related burn injuries have been treated at the Brooke Burn Center.

“The severity of the burns and the length of stay for our military burn patient population far exceed that of our civilian population,” Dr. DeSocio said.

Soldiers are surviving more severe burns, but that has made the treatment of pain more challenging, he added.

“What we see typically today, based on the technology we have, is that patients are surviving more severe burns,” Dr. DeSocio told meeting attendees. “Now you have patients with larger burns and requiring more therapy, which has the potential to generate more acute [pain] and the potential for chronic pain.”

The 12 patients in the study were 20 to 27 years of age and had burns covering 4.0% to 57.5% of their bodies.

During the virtual-reality experience, veterans wore goggles and noise-canceling headphones playing a Paul Simon–designed soundtrack.

Overall, the average worst pain score fell from 6.25 to 4.5 with the virtual-reality experience (P = .046). Among those with severe pain, the worst pain score fell from 8.33 to 5.67 during the virtual-reality experience (P = .043).

Dr. DeSocio said extended studies should be done to see whether virtual reality continues to work over the long haul.

Ajay Wasan, MD, assistant professor at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, and cochair of the AAPM 2010 annual meeting, said it shows that there is hope for making an agonizing procedure more bearable.

“There’s clearly a really significant distraction effect and a significant effect on the unpleasantness of pain, showing that both the cognitive and the affective components of pain are significantly affected by the use of these goggles,” Dr. Wasan said.

“It’s taken an excruciatingly unbearable procedure and actually made it tolerable. That’s what these data show. The pain score is irrelevant. It’s not about the pain score. It’s about [intervening in] these affective components of pain. So it really has dramatic potential.”

These studies received no commercial support. Dr. DeSocio and Dr. Wasan have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM) 26th Annual Meeting: Poster Abstract 217. Presented February 5, 2010.

Hair analysis is also used for the detection of many therapeutic drugs and recreational drugs, including cocaine, heroin, benzodiazepines and amphetamines. [4][5] In this context, it has been reliably used to determine compliance with therapeutic drug regimes or to check the accuracy of a witness statement that an illicit drug has not been taken. Hair testing is an increasingly common method of assessment in substance misuse, particularly in legal proceedings, or in any situation where a subject may have decided not to tell the entire truth about his or her substance-using history.

In December 1995 the Society of Hair Testing was founded to promote the research in hair testing technologies in forensic, clinical and occupational sciences, to develop the international proficiency tests, to organize meetings and workshops and to encourage the scientific cooperation and exchanges among members. The Board of the Society of Hair Testing agreed upon the latest version of a Consensus in Sevilla, Spain, in 2004.[citation needed]

Hair Alcohol Testing
Analysis of hair samples has many advantages as a preliminary screening method for the presence of toxic substances deleterious to health after exposures in air, dust, sediment, soil and water, food and toxins in the environment. The advantages of hair analysis include the non-invasiveness, low cost and the ability to measure a large number of, potentially interacting, toxic and biologically essential elements. Hence, head hair analysis is now increasingly being used as a preliminary test to see whether individuals have absorbed poisons linked to behavioral health problems.[2]

The use of hair alcohol analysis to establish and verify persistent alcohol abusers within the United Kingdom has steadily increased in recent years. As the hair grows, it absorbs markers called fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE’s) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) into its structure, which remain in the hair indefinitely. These markers are only produced when there is alcohol in the bloodstream, such that the more markers there are, the more alcohol you have consumed. The first company to commercialize Hair Alcohol Testing in the UK was Trimega Laboratories. The company has since gone on to commercialize a combined test using EtG and FAEE.

Dermatologists who reviewed the report for WebMD offered praise and criticism. “Some points are definitely correct,” says Henry Lim, MD, chairman of the department of dermatology at Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit. But, he adds, ”This report has somewhat of an alarmist tone.”
…
For more information, please write your http://www.medscape.com site.

Each tube contains 0.125 % prednacinolone and 3 % iodochlorhydroxyquin (vioform).

Features
A non-flourinated local corticosteroid devoid of the adverse effects of flourinated corticosteroids.
Low systemic effects, very potent local effects.
Since Prednol-a formulation contains an antiseptic, iodochlorhydroxyquin, has antibacterial and antifungal effects.
Provides economical therapy.
Indications
Prednol cream/ointment;

Contact, chronic, allergic seborrheic dermatitis
Nummular acute or chronic eczema
Psoriasis
Anogenital and senile pruritus
Dyshidrosis
Sycosis
Neurodermatitis
Lichen ruben planus
Lichen simplex chronicus
Sun burns
Erythoderma
Diaper dermatitis
Prednol-a cream/ointment;

Contact, chronic, allergic seborrheic dermatitis
Nummular acute or chronic eczemas
Psoriasis
Anogenital or senile pruritus
Lichen ruben planus
Lichen simplex chronicus with bacterial and/or fungal infections
Contraindications
Should not be used in patients receiving live virus vaccination.

Warnings and Precautions
Dermal absorption of local conticosteroids during administration over a large surface area or for prolonged periods of time may cause reversible hypothalamus-pitiutary-adrenal cycle suppression, signs of Cushing syndrome, hyperglycemia and glucosuria. Upon discontinuation of the drug, these signs return to normal. Rarely, due to the sudden discontinuation of therapy, systemic corticosteroid therapy may be required in some cases. The growth and development of infants and children should be closely observed during prolonged treatments because corticosteroids can cause growth suppression in infants, children and adolescents. Therefore, therapy should be administered according to the recommendations and under the monitoring of the physician for short periods at minimum doses when possible. Corticosteroids may mask some signs of infections or may cause resistance to therapy. An appropriate antibiotic should be added to therapy in such cases. Corticosteroids, due to their immunosuppressive effects, have a negative effect on T-cells and macrophage function and may facilitate the emergence of latent diseases. Patients should not be exposed to direct sunlight while receiving treatment. In case of dermatological infections, an appropriate antibacterial or antifungal therapy should be co-administered. If response is obtained in an acceptable period of time, local corticosteroid administration should be discontinued. If irritation develops, the drug should be discontinued. Any contact with the eyes should be avoided. Administration during pregnancy or lactation: Should not be used during pregnancy unless there is a medical necessity. If it must be used, it should be given under the surveillance of a physician on a small surface for a short period of time.

Adverse Reactions
Burning, itching, skin irritation and/or dryness, folluculitis, acne, eruption, skin atrophy, hyperpigmentation, perioral dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, maceration of skin and secondary infections can be seen rarely during local corticosteroid administration. It can cause photosensitivity.

Dosage and Administration
Should be applied to the affected area as a thin film 2 or 3 times a day.

Storage Conditions
Should be kept out reach of children, at room temperature (< 25ºC) and in its package.

Available Forms
PREDNOL cream/ointment, 30 g tube

PREDNOL-A cream/ointment, 30 g tube

Source: http://www.mn.com.tr/products/p_detail_Prednol__Prednol-a.aspx?productID=30